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Related Content: CS101 - VU Lectures, Handouts, PPT Slides, Assignments, Quizzes, Papers & Books of Introduction to Computing
Introduction to the Internet
During the Last Lecture
(Computer Networks)
We looked at the role of networks in computing
We looked at several different types of networks
We familiarized ourselves with networking topologies and protocols
Computer Network
Multiple computers that are connected together to share information and other
resources
Types of Computer Networks according to the network access policy Private
Public
Types of Computer Networks
according to the distance between nodes LAN: Local Area Network
WAN: Wide Area Network
Network Topologies
The pattern in which computers are connected to form a network
Popular patterns:
- Point-to-point
- Star
- Bus
- Ring
Networks are also formed by combining 2 or more of these 4 basic patterns
Networking Protocols
Networks use protocols, or rules, to exchange information through shared channels.
These protocols prevent collisions of data caused by simultaneous transmission between
two or more computers. Several protocols are available for various types of networks.
Here we discuss two that are popular for LANs: Ethernet; Token Ring
Types of Communication Channels
Wire
Wireless
Wireless (Radio) LANs Are Becoming Popular
Today’s Goal:
Introduction to the Internet
To become able to appreciate the role of the Internet in today’s computing
To become familiar with the history and evolution of the Internet
an accident!
- This car was involved in that accident
It belongs to …
Mr. Tom Peters of Palo Alto, California
After the accident, Mr. Peters …
filled out a form, giving info about:
Himself
- The circumstances of the accident
- Estimated repair expenses
& then …
1/ 7
- Mr. Peters’s fax machine
2/ 7 ACME Insurance Group’s server in New York
3/ 7
Bhola eServices (Pvt) Ltd’s server at Davis Rd, Lahore
4/ 7
Claims processing in Lahore
5/ 7
Bhola eServices (Pvt) Ltd’s server at Davis Rd, Lahore
6/ 7
ACME Insurance Group’s server in New York
7/ 7
Mr. Peters’s home PC
Key Question!
Why process the insurance claim in Pakistan?
Answer: Everybody Wins!
Tom Peters
ACME Insurance
Bhola eServices
Answer: Everybody Wins!
Tom Peters
ACME Insurance
Bhola eServices
Answer: Everybody Wins! Tom Peters
ACME Insurance
Bhola eServices
Answer: Everybody Wins!
Tom Peters
ACME Insurance
Bhola eServices
The Key Point …
Bhola eServices (Pvt) Ltd is …
… supplying a service
… using local, attractively-priced workers
… to a remote, overseas client
… over the Internet … & making good money in the process!
Internet
Enables users located at far-way locations to easily share information with others located
all over the world
Enables users to easily and inexpensively communicate with others located all over the
world
Enables the users to operate and run programs on computers located all over the world
The Internet is unlike any previous human invention. It is a world-wide resource,
accessible to all of the humankind.
Internet Users Worldwide
673M in 2002
1B+ in 2005
(48% wireless)
1.2M Internet users in Pakistan in 5/2000
(1% of population)
In early 2002,
54% of Australian population
51% of Singaporean population
39% of Japanese population
3% of Chinese population
Key Characteristics
Geographic Distribution
Global - reaches around the world
Robust Architecture
Adapts to damage and error
Speed
Data can travels at near ‘c’ on copper, fiber, airwaves
Key Characteristics
Universal Access
Same functionality to everyone
Growth Rate
The fastest growing technology ever
Freedom of Speech
Promotes freedom of speech
The Digital Advantage
Is digital: can correct errors
Internet: Network of Networks
A large number of networks, interconnected physically
Capable of communicating and sharing data with each other
From the user’s point view, Internet – a collection of interconnected networks – looks
like a single, unified network
Internet Networking Protocols
Communications on the Internet is controlled by a set of two protocols: TCP and IP
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
Networking protocol used by all computers and networks on the Internet
Originally developed by the US DoD for Unix, but now available for most other OSes
TCP breaks down the message to be sent over the Internet into packets
IP routes these packets through the Internet to get them to their destination
When the packets reach the destination computer, TCP reassembles them into the
original message
Tools & Services Available on the Internet
Electronic mail (POP, IMAP, SMTP)
Instant messaging (ICQ, MSN)
Remote login (telnet)
File transfer (ftp)
Network news (nntp)
WWW (http)
1960's
1969 - DoD-ARPA creates an experimental network – ARPANET – as a test-bed for
emerging networking technologies
ARPANET originally connected 4 universities & enabled scientists to share info &
resources across long distances
ARPANET continued to expand throughout the 70's and 80's
1970's
Networking tools developed in the 70's include:
1972 - The National Center for Supercomputing Apps. (NCSA) develops the telnet
application for remote login, making it easier to connect to a remote computer
1973 - FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is introduced, standardizing the transfer of files
between networked computers
1980's
1983 - The TCP/IP protocols becomes the only set of protocols used on the
ARPANET
This sets a standard for all networks, and generates the use of the term Internet as the
net of nets
ARPANET splits into two nets to keep military & non-military network sites separate:
ARPANET and MILNET
1980's
In 1982 and 1983, the first desktop computers begin to appear
Many are equipped with an OS called Berkeley Unix, which includes networking SW,
allowing easy connection to the Internet using telnet
The PC revolution continues through the 80’s, making access to computer resources &
net-worked info increasingly available to public
1985-86: NSF connects the US’s six supercomputing centers together, calling it the the
NSFNET, or NSFNET backbone
To expand access to the Internet, NSF developed regional nets, which were then
connected to the NSFNET backbone
Plus, NSF supported institutions (universities, etc.) in their efforts to connect to the
regional nets
1987 - NSF awards a grant to Merit Network, Inc. to operate & manage future
development of the NSFNET
Merit collaborates with IBM & MCI on R&D for fast networking technologies
1989 - The backbone network is upgraded to T1, making it able to transmit data at
speeds of 1.5 Mb/s (approx. 60 pages of text/second)
1990's1990 - The ARPANET is dissolved
1991 - Gopher is developed at the U of MN
It provides a hierarchical, menu-based method for providing & locating info on the
Internet
1993 - CERN releases WWW, developed by Tim Berners-Lee
It uses HTTP and hypertext, revolutionizing the way info is presented & accessed on
Internet
1993 - The NSFNET is upgraded to T3 (45 Mb/s or about 1800 pages/s)
1993-1994 - Web browsers Mosaic & Netscape Navigator are introduced
Their GUI makes WWW & Internet more appealing to the general public
1995 - NSFNET is replaced by a new architecture, called vBNS which utilizes regional
networks and Network Access Points
Who runs the Internet?
Who owns it?
Today’s Goal:
Introduction to the Internet
We looked at the role Internet plays in today’s computing
We reviewed some of the history and evolution of the Internet
Next Lecture:
Internet Services
We will try to familiarize ourselves with with some of the Internet services:
- http (surfing, shopping, searching)
- ftp
- News groups, message boards, forums
- Instant messaging
- Multimedia delivery
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