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INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Learning Objective

After studying this chapter, you will be able to:

• Draw up Profit & Loss account from the information given in trial balance.
• Differentiate the term, Receipt & Payment, Income & Expenditure and Profit & Loss account.

Financial Statements

Different reports generated from the books of accounts to provide information to the relevant persons. Every business is carried out to make profit. If it is not run successfully, it will sustain loss. The calculation of such profit & loss is probably the most important objective of the accounting function. Such information is acquired from “Financial Statements”. Financial Statements are the end product of the whole accounting process. These show us the profitability of the business concern and the financial position of the entity at a specified date. The most commonly used Financial Statements are ‘profit & loss account’ ‘balance sheet’ & ‘cash flow statement’.

Profit & Loss Account

Profit & Loss account is an account that summarizes the profitability of the organization for a specific accounting period.
Profit & Loss account has two parts:

• First part is called Trading account in which Gross Profit is calculated. Gross profit is the excess of sales over cost of goods sold in an accounting period. In trading concern, cost of goods sold is the cost of goods consumed plus any other charge paid in bringing the goods in salable condition. For example, if business purchased certain items for resale purpose and any expense is paid in respect of carriage or bringing the goods in store (transportation charges). These will also be grouped under the heading of ‘cost of goods sold’ and will become part of its price. In manufacturing concern, cost of goods sold comprises of purchase of raw material plus wages paid to staff employed for converting this raw material into finished goods plus any other expense in this connection.
• 2nd part is called Profit & Loss account in which Net Profit is calculated. Net Profit is what is
  left of the gross profit after deducting all other expenses of the organization in a specific time
  period.

How to prepare Profit & Loss Account?

One way is to write down all the Debit and Credit entries of Income and Expense accounts in the Profit and Loss Account. But it is not sensible to do so.
The other way is that we calculate the net balance or we can say Closing Balance of each income and expense account. Then we note all the credit balances on the credit side and all the debit balances on the debit of profit and loss account.
If the net balance of profit and loss is Credit (credit side is greater than debit side) it is Profit and if the net balance is Debit (Debit side is greater than credit side) it is a loss.

Income, Expenditure, Profit & Loss

Income is the value of goods and services earned from the operation of the business. It includes both cash & credit. For example, if a business entity deals in garments. What it earns from the sale of garments, is its income. If somebody is rendering services, what he earned from rendering services is his income.
Expenses are the resources and the efforts made to earn the income, translated in monetary terms. It includes both expenses, i.e., paid and to be paid (payable). Consider the above mentioned example, if any sum is spent in running the garments business effectively or in provision of services, is termed as expense.

Profit is the excess of income over expenses in a specified accounting period.

Profit= Income - expenses

In the above mentioned example, if the business or the services provider earn Rs. 100,000 & their expenses are Rs. 75,000. Their profit will be Rs. 25,000 (100,000-75,000).
Loss is the excess of expenses over income in a specified period of time. In the above example, if their expenses are Rs. 100,000 & their income is Rs. 75,000. Their loss will be Rs. 25,000.

Rules of Debit & Credit

Increase in expense is Debit (Dr.)
Decrease in expense is credit (Cr.)
Increase in income is credit (Cr.)
Decrease in income is Debit (Dr.)

Classification of Expenses

It has already been mentioned that a separate account is opened for each type of expense. Therefore, in large business concerns, there may be a large number of accounts in organization’s books. As profit & loss account is a summarized record of the profitability of the organization. So, similar accounts should be grouped for reporting purposes.

The most commonly used groupings of expenses are as follows:

• Cost of goods sold
• Administration expenses
• Selling expenses
• Financial expenses

Cost of goods sold is the cost incurred in purchasing or manufacturing the product, which an organization is selling plus any other expense incurred in bringing the product in saleable condition. Cost of goods sold contains the following heads of accounts:

• Purchase of raw material/goods
• Wages paid to employees for manufacturing of goods
• Any tax/freight is paid on purchases
• Any expense incurred on carriage/transportation of purchased items.

Administrative expenses are the expenses incurred in running a business effectively. Main components of this group are:

• Payment of utility bills
• Payment of rent
• Salaries of employees
• General office expenses
• Repair & maintenance of office equipment & vehicles.

Selling expenses are the expenses incurred directly in connection with the sale of goods. This head
contains

• Transportation/carriage of goods sold
• Tax/freight paid on sale

If the expense head ‘salaries’ includes salaries of sales staff then it will be excluded from salaries & appear under the heading of ‘selling expenses’.

Financial expenses are the interest paid on bank loan & charges deducted by bank on entity’s bank accounts. It includes:

• Mark up on loan
• Bank charges

Receipt & Payment Account

A receipt & payment account is the summarized record of actual cash receipts and actual cash payment of the organization for a given period of time. This is a report that provides cash movement during the reported period. In other words, it can be defined as the summarized record of the cash book for a specific period.

Receipt & Payment Vs Profit & Loss Account

Receipt & payment account is the summarized record of actual cash receipts and actual cash payment during the period while profit & loss account also includes Receivable and Payable.

Income & Expenditure Vs Profit & Loss Account

These are two similar terms. Only difference between these two terms is that income & expenditure account is prepared for non profit oriented organizations, e.g. Trusts, NGO’s, whereas profit & loss account is prepared in profit oriented organizations, e.g. Limited companies, Partnership firms etc. In case of Income and Expenditure account, Surplus/Deficit is to be find and in case of Profit and loss account, profit or loss is to be found.

A sample of Profit and Loss Accoun

Name of the Entity
Profit and Loss Account
For the period Ending ----

DEBIT		CREDIT
PARTICULARS	AMOUNT Rs.	PARTICULARS	AMOUNT Rs.
Cost of sale	60,000	Income	100,000
Gross profit c/d (Income – cost of sales)	40,000
Total	100,000	Total	100,000
Admin expenses	15,000	Gross profit b/d	40,000
Selling expenses	5,000
Financial expenses	5,000
Net profit (Gross profit – expenses)	15,000
Total	40,000	Total	40,000

Calculations of Gross profit and Net profit

Gross profit = Income – cost of sales
= 100000-60000
= 40000
Net profit = Gross profit – Expenses
= 40000 – (15000+ 5000+5000)
= 15000

A sample of Income Statement

Name of the Entity
Income statement
For the period Ending ----

PARTICULARS	AMOUNT Rs.	AMOUNT Rs.
Income/Sales/Revenue Less: Cost of sales		100000 (60000)
Gross profit		40000
Less: Administration expenses	15000
Selling expenses	5000
Financial expenses	5000	(25000)
Net profit		15000

Recognition of Income and Expenditure Account:

Income – should be recognized / recorded at the time when goods are sold or services are rendered.
Expenses – should be recognized / recorded when benefit relating to that expense has been drawn.

 

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